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Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

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Photo credit: U.S. Department of the Interior, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.

Nature in the Image of Man: Introducing the New Social Darwinism 

Always, the initial social/intellectual change has come first, and the scientific paradigm shift has followed after. Read More ›
mirror
Photo credit: Andre Mouton, via Unsplash.

Evolution Evolved to Mirror the Zeitgeist

By the mid 1800s, the mental climate had shifted, and the time was ripe for a new Darwin to craft a new Darwinism. Read More ›
Gottfried-Wilhelm-Leibniz
Image: Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, by Christoph Bernhard Francke, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.

Before Darwin — How Evolution Evolved

The soil was prepared — soon, seeds were sprouting. In roughly the third quarter of the 18th century, evolutionary theories of biology proliferated.  Read More ›
Samuel_Wilberforce_1805-George-Richmond
Image: Samuel Wilberforce, by George Richmond, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.

“Into the Jungle of Fanciful Assumption”: Excerpts from Samuel Wilberforce on Darwin

"We have objected to the views with which we have been dealing solely on scientific grounds." Read More ›
William Paley
Image: William Paley, by George Romney, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.

Darwinian Natural Selection: A Covert Theology of Nature?

Those who interpreted the essence of Darwinism as being an explanation of evolution in (covertly) theistic terms appear to have had a point. Read More ›
polar bear
Image Credit: Andrii IURLOV - Adobe Stock

Natural Selection Subtracts, It Doesn’t Add — And That Matters

In the wild, all organisms must live within their niche. There are no wild polar bears in Arizona, and no iguanas in Alaska. Read More ›
pine trees in snow
Photo credit: Dreamy Pixel, CC BY 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons.

A New Look at Natural Selection

If you are a pine tree, you need to have antifreeze in your needles if you are rooted beyond certain latitudes or elevations. Read More ›
Asa Gray
Photo: Asa Gray, by John A. Whipple, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.

Why Darwin Eclipsed Wallace: Darwin Comes to America

A less class-bound kind of protectiveness was shown to Darwin in the United States by Professor Asa Gray of Harvard University. Read More ›
midwife toad
Photo: A midwife toad, via Wikimedia Commons.

Darwin and the Ghost of Lamarck

The lure of Lamarck was exemplified most strikingly in the case of Viennese biologist Paul Kammerer and the unhappy affair of the “midwife toad.” Read More ›
Denis Diderot
Image: Denis Diderot in 1767, by Louis-Michel van Loo.

Natural Selection: Discovery or Invention?

Denis Diderot mooted the possibility of a creature evolving through habitual functioning into another form of life altogether. Read More ›

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